Mitochondrial Function

Heat Production

Burning fuel as heat. Raising it increases energy expenditure without requiring more activity, which is the appeal of the glucagon component in the dual and triple agonists.

Mitochondrial Calcium Buffering

How much calcium a neuron's mitochondria can absorb before the cell dies. This is the single most underrated number in the whole estrogen argument: estradiol does not stop calcium entering the neuron, it raises the amount the neuron can survive.

Oxidative Stress

Damage from reactive oxygen outpacing the cell's ability to mop it up. One of the mechanisms behind androgen effects on liver and heart tissue that are not explained by the receptor alone.